Etymology - sound change, roots & derivation (Etymology 1 of 2)

This video shows how the language changes during the years. It uses the example of the word " Queen".

Video's Transcription

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etymology
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tomology explores the history and development of a individual words
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the origins of the languages lexical items
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it asks a question you're likely familiar with that question is where did
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this word come from
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you've probably encountered etymology is when someone explain the meeting of the
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word
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whitney side of the origin of will work for yourself
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as a linguistic studies this question is approach methodically so it requires
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that we understand the message that we used to discover word origins
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specifically etymology requires an understanding of the parts of words
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the pronunciation and grammar components
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so you'll need some understanding of when the phonology morphology
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etymology is also a dire chronic process what this means is that entomology is a
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function of the languages change over time
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so etymology will make more sense if you if you are diverse and the fundamentals
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of historical linguistics if you're aware of cut key concepts like cognizant
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borrowings reconstruction of programming which is
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and discussions about what is a language in which is a dialect
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we can start to build entomologist
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uh... for the entomology of a particular word will need to know about late which
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change over time in general and the history of change in a particular
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language that we're analyzing
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also need to know the history of borrowing
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borrowed words are called long words loans
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uh... borrowing into that particular language and in turn the historical
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change is that those sources like which is that with the source of the
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borrowings underweight
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noticed that words are often borrowed or inherited from non-standard forms of a
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language
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and that adds to the complexity take for instance uh... medieval norman french
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borrowings into middle english like the word chief
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which is about the same as a modern french word chef
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or the interesting case of dialect mixing which accounts for the word pair
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shirt
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and skirt in modern english
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so with those complexities in mind let's discuss how we traced the path of the
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word as a challenge in this for a change
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as much as is possible rely on historical at the station
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here we expect our entomology to account for the evidence
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that is the word that we're treating it as it was actually used throughout its
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history
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for example the modern english word queen
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goes back to an earlier quinta inn middle english
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this word is attested in trust
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quinoa intern derives from old english queen attested in vail will
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here we can say that the edamame or source word of queen
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is the old english
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but we are restricted by the attested evidence there two ways to trace more
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distant origin
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first we might discover that the word was influenced by or borrowed from
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another dialect or another language
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like english word chief which was barred from french
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in this case i had a motive to continue in that source language
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second we can increase our time gap by comparing related languages and engaging
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in the process of historical reconstructions clever intellectual
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development introduced in the last month historical linguistics
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there for as much as possible or etymology will take into account the
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history of borrowing influence
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that will terminate at the earliest reconstruct herbal form of a word
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not the earliest tested for
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for example yield english word queen can be compared to other early dramatic
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words like the gothic quince or the old norse fan
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allowing us to reconstruct the pro determinant ancestral format square
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dance
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when we compare the predator merrick word picard meets in other non dramatic
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indo-european languages plank of the ancient greek word greenday
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and the sanskrit
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now
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we can begin to reconstruct appro two indo-european root like
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groom or wayne
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will then see that grimm's law applies to all germanic languages
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which changed voiceless stops to uh... precarious
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voiced stops to whistle stops
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giving us a route
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quinn beginning with the voiceless sound today rather than the voiced g
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orca
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you know when i saw the grim slop i still germanic languages that doesn't
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mean that it still impacts modern languages
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alike also blasted effective words at one point in history in this case in the
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courtroom addict
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so let's review what we've done here
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we found the earliest attested form of queen in english compared it two words
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related germanic languages to trace the word to reconstructed pro determinate
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word
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and compared proto dramatics related into european languages to trace the
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word
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even further back to reconstructed proto indo-european root word
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along the way be paid attention to sound changes
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noticed that you'll find an asterisk next to reconstructed forms
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and also notice how the derivation all taxes represent visually
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uh... quietness
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becomes queen which becomes quinoa
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quinoa comes from
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quynh which comes from
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quinn is
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it's also crucial to understand morphology
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to know what kind of weird you're dealing with
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especially key here is word from nation
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the way affix israeli tourists to form new words shes derivation or how words
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are compound it
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to form the words which is compound
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gain flexural morphine czar certainly considered
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but they're really part of the grammar or structure of a language
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well entomology often focuses on content words content morphine
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uh... an example of why morphology matters when doing etymology
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when we traced the history of queen
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we arrived at a programmatic word
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quentin's
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which has an inflection all suffix he's
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attached to the right now
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in a separate instances you might be doing the entomology of say the word
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illogical
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that group that word has a route
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locus
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and three derivation elastic since uh... suffix it suffix full at a prefix in
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which is similar to to deal
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to do justice to the etymology of these words you'll need to understand and of
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the derivation of these more fees
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in the next video talk about the role of semantics particularly meeting change
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and entomology
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and i also touch on basic conventions followed when presenting it in the
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military
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hope this is that helpful and see you then